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![Rabbi Regina Jonas, the world's first female rabbi, ordained in 1935, killed in the Holocaust in 1944. [1]. Rabbi Regina Jonas, the world's first female rabbi, ordained in 1935, killed in the Holocaust in 1944. [1].](http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/a1/8e/20697d13410e5bb365bf1aa56181_small.jpg)





















World is a common name for the whole of human civilization, specifically human experience, history, or the human condition in general, ''worldwide'', i.e. anywhere on Earth.
In a philosophical context it may refer to: (1) the whole of the physical Universe, or (2) an ontological world (''see world disclosure''). In a theological context, ''world'' usually refers to the material or the profane sphere, as opposed to the celestial, spiritual, transcendent or sacred. The "end of the world" refers to scenarios of the final end of human history, often in religious contexts.
World history is commonly understood as spanning the major geopolitical developments of about five millennia, from the first civilizations to the present.
World population is the sum of all human populations at any time; similarly, world economy is the sum of the economies of all societies (all countries), especially in the context of globalization. Terms like world championship, gross world product, world flags etc. also imply the sum or combination of all current-day sovereign states.
In terms such as world religion, world language, and world war, ''world'' suggests international or intercontinental scope without necessarily implying participation of the entire world.
In terms such as world map and world climate, ''world'' is used in the sense detached from human culture or civilization, referring to the planet Earth physically.
The corresponding word in Latin ''mundus'', literally "clean, elegant", itself a loan translation of Greek ''cosmos'' "orderly arrangement." While the Germanic word thus reflects a mythological notion of a "domain of Man" (compare Midgard), presumably as opposed to the divine sphere on the one hand and the chthonic sphere of the underworld on the other, the Greco-Latin term expresses a notion of creation as an act of establishing order out of chaos.
'World' distinguishes the entire planet or population from any particular country or region: ''world affairs'' pertain not just to one place but to the whole world, and ''world history'' is a field of history that examines events from a global (rather than a national or a regional) perspective. ''Earth'', on the other hand, refers to the planet as a physical entity, and distinguishes it from other planets and physical objects.
By extension, a
In philosophy, the term world has several possible meanings. In some contexts, it refers to everything that makes up reality or the physical universe. In others, it can mean have a specific ontological sense (see world disclosure). While clarifying the concept of world has arguably always been among the basic tasks of Western philosophy, this theme appears to have been raised explicitly only at the start of the twentieth century and has been the subject of continuous debate. The question of what the world is has by no means been settled.
;Parmenides The traditional interpretation of Parmenides' work is that he argued that the every-day perception of reality of the physical world (as described in doxa) is mistaken, and that the reality of the world is 'One Being' (as described in aletheia): an unchanging, ungenerated, indestructible whole.
;Plato In his Allegory of the Cave, Plato distingues between forms and ideas and imagines two distinct worlds : the sensible world and the intelligible world.
;Hegel In Hegel's philosophy of history, the expression ''Weltgeschichte ist Weltgericht'' (World History is a tribunal that judges the World) is used to assert the view that History is what judges men, their actions and their opinions. Science is born from the desire to transform the World in relation to Man ; its final end is technical application.
;Schopenhauer ''The World as Will and Representation'' is the central work of Arthur Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer saw the human will as our one window to the world behind the representation; the Kantian thing-in-itself. He believed, therefore, that we could gain knowledge about the thing-in-itself, something Kant said was impossible, since the rest of the relationship between representation and thing-in-itself could be understood by analogy to the relationship between human will and human body.
;Wittgenstein Two definitions that were both put forward in the 1920s, however, suggest the range of available opinion. "The world is everything that is the case," wrote Ludwig Wittgenstein in his influential ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'', first published in 1922. This definition would serve as the basis of logical positivism, with its assumption that there is exactly one world, consisting of the totality of facts, regardless of the interpretations that individual people may make of them.
;Heidegger Martin Heidegger, meanwhile, argued that "the surrounding world is different for each of us, and notwithstanding that we move about in a common world". The world, for Heidegger, was that into which we are always already "thrown" and with which we, as beings-in-the-world, must come to terms. His conception of "world disclosure" was most notably elaborated in his 1927 work ''Being and Time''.
;Freud In response, Freud proposed that we do not move about in a common world, but a common thought process. He believed that all the actions of a person is motivated by one thing: lust. This led to numerous theories about reactionary consciousness.
;Other Some philosophers, often inspired by David Lewis, argue that metaphysical concepts such as possibility, probability and necessity are best analyzed by comparing ''the'' world to a range of possible worlds; a view commonly known as modal realism.
Mythological cosmologies often depict the world as centered around an axis mundi and delimited by a boundary such as a world ocean, a world serpent or similar.
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Name | George Beals Schaller |
|---|---|
| Birth date | 1933 |
| Birth place | Berlin, Germany |
| Residence | Connecticut |
| Field | Biologist, conservationist |
| Work institutions | Panthera, Wildlife Conservation Society |
| Alma mater | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| Known for | Mountain gorilla conservation |
| Influenced | Dian Fossey |
| Prizes | National Geographic Lifetime Achievement AwardGuggenheim Fellowship World Wildlife Fund Gold MedalInternational Cosmos PrizeTyler Prize for Environmental AchievementNational Book AwardIndianapolis Prize |
| Footnotes | }} |
George Beals Schaller (born 1933) is an American mammalogist, naturalist, conservationist and author. Schaller is recognized by many as the world's preeminent field biologist, studying wildlife throughout Africa, Asia and South America. Born in Berlin, Schaller grew up in Germany, but moved to Missouri as a teen. He is vice president of Panthera Corporation and serves as chairman of their Cat Advisory Council along with renowned conservationist and Panthera President Alan Rabinowitz. Schaller is also a senior conservationist at the Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society.
The American zoologist Dian Fossey, with assistance from the National Geographic society and Louis Leakey, followed Schaller's ground-breaking field research on mountain gorillas in the Virungas. Schaller and Fossey were instrumental in dispelling the public perception of gorillas as brutes, by demonstrably establishing the deep compassion and social intelligence evident among gorillas, and how very closely their behavior parallels that of humans.
}}
In his 1972 work ''The Tree Where Man Was Born'', author Peter Matthiessen described Schaller as "single-minded, not easy to know". Matthiessen went on to say Schaller was "a stern pragmatist" who "takes a hard-eyed look at almost everything", "lean and intent", and in 1978's ''The Snow Leopard'' Matthiessen wrote that by that time, some considered Schaller the world's finest field biologist.
In the fall of 1973, Schaller went to the remote Himalayan region, inside Dolpo, an area of Nepal occupied by people of the Tibetan culture and ethnicity. Schaller was there to study the Himalayan Bharal, (blue sheep), and possibly glimpse the elusive snow leopard, an animal rarely ever spotted in the wild. Schaller is one of only two Westerners known to have seen a snow leopard in Nepal between 1950 and 1978. Accompanying him on the trip was Matthiessen, and as a result of the trip, Matthiessen wrote ''The Snow Leopard'', (1978) detailing the accounts of their travels and research, which won the National Book Award. Schaller is referred to throughout the book as "GS".
In the late 1970s, Schaller spent time in Brazil studying the jaguar, capybara, alligator, and other animals of the region.
In 1988, Schaller and his wife traveled to China's Chang Tang (Qian Tang) region to study the Giant Panda, and became the first westerners permitted to enter the remote region. Schaller sought to refute the notion that the panda population was declining due to natural bamboo die-offs. Instead, Schaller found the panda's popularity was leading to its frequent capture, and was the biggest threat to the population. Schaller also found evidence that pandas were originally carnivores, but underwent an evolutionary change to accommodate a diet of bamboo, which is difficult to digest, reducing competition with other animals for food. Since Schaller's research, the panda population has increased in the wild by 45 percent. During his time in China, Schaller would hand out cards to wildlife hunters that read: "All beings tremble at punishment, to all, life is dear. Comparing others to oneself, one should neither kill nor cause to kill." Schaller has spent more time in China, than he has spent at his home in Connecticut.
In 1994, Schaller and Dr. Alan Rabinowitz were the first scientists to uncover the rare Saola, a forest-dwelling bovine in Laos. Later that year, Schaller rediscovered the Vietnamese Warty pig, once thought extinct. In 1996, he located a herd of Tibetan red deer, also thought extinct.
In 2003, Schaller returned to Chang Tang, and found the wildlife in the area had rebounded since his first trip to the region. Most significantly, the wild yak population, which was estimated at only 13 individuals, had grown to over 187. "The Tibet Forestry Department has obviously made a dedicated and successful effort in protecting the wildlife." Schaller wrote in a letter to the World Wildlife Fund's Dawa Cering. While in Tibet, Schaller worked on researching the rare Tibetan antelope, or chiru, whose population declined due to trophy hunting for their exotic wool. Working with Tibetan authorities, and the Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation, Schaller helped protect the breeding and calving grounds of the chiru in the Kunlun mountains of Xinjiang Province.
In 2007, Schaller worked with Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and China to develop a new "Peace Park", that would protect of habitat for the largest wild sheep species, the Marco Polo sheep. In danger due to their impressive spiral horns, which can measure up to in length, the sheep is sought out as a trophy by international hunters. Schaller's research in the Pamir Mountains will play an important role in the park's creation.
Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:Ethologists Category:Naturalists Category:Guggenheim Fellows Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
de:George Schaller es:George Schaller it:George Schaller zh:乔治·夏勒This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | The Cheetah Girls |
|---|---|
| background | group_or_band |
| origin | United States |
| genre | Pop, R&B, Hip Hop |
| years active | 2003–2008 |
| label | Walt Disney (2005-2008)Hollywood (2006-2008) |
| associated acts | Belinda Peregrín, 3LW, |
| past members | Adrienne Bailon (2003-2008) Sabrina Bryan (2003-2008) Raven-Symoné (2003-2007) Kiely Williams (2003-2008) |
| website | www.tcgmusic.com/ }} |
The Cheetah Girls were an American girl group consisting of Raven-Symoné as Galleria Garibaldi, Adrienne Bailon as Chanel Simmons, Sabrina Bryan as Dorinda Thomas and Kiely Williams as Aquanetta Walker. The group was created by The Walt Disney Company, and made famous by the eponymous Disney Channel original film and its sequels, ''The Cheetah Girls 2'' and ''The Cheetah Girls: One World''. The group has released three studio albums, ''Cheetah-licious Christmas'', ''In Concert: The Party's Just Begun Tour'', and ''TCG'' and several RIAA certified Platinum albums including, ''The Cheetah Girls'', ''The Cheetah Girls 2'', and ''The Cheetah Girls: One World''. All of their albums and soundtracks have debuted in the ''Billboard'' 200. The soundtrack to their first movie sold over 2 million copies.
The group has launched a clothing line, several perfume collections, doll lines, room decor, a book series, and a video games line. The group has had three nationwide tours, Cheetah-licious Christmas Tour, The Party's Just Begun Tour and One World Tour. The Cheetah Girls grossed over USD $43 million from their second tour.
Due to her busy schedule, as well as already being signed to the same label (Hollywood Records) as a solo act, Raven-Symoné decided not to be a part of the actual recording act, leaving the trio of just Bailon, Bryan and Williams. In January 2005, the girls recorded for the first time as a trio and recording act for the 2005 ''DisneyMania 3'' album, remaking the song "I Won't Say (I'm in Love)" from the ''Hercules'' soundtrack.
The girls released their first recording in October, 2005 under Walt Disney Records, ''Cheetah-licious Christmas'', the holiday album included classic Christmas songs, as well as several original songs, one of which was co-written by all three girls. The album peaked at number 74 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The lead single, ''"Cheetah-licious Christmas"'', was rotated on Radio Disney and a music video for the song was shown on Disney Channel. A second single from the album, "Five More Days 'Til Christmas" was released as a Radio Disney-only single. The girls went on tour to support the album that fall. Along with Aly & AJ as the opening act and The Jonas Brothers as special guests, the tour was successful.
The Cheetah Girls began work on their debut album in January 2006. However, when filming and recording for ''The Cheetah Girls 2'' came up, the album was put on hold. ''"We'll be making a real album, not a soundtrack"'', Adrienne Bailon says. "''Some of the music on there will be produced by will.i.am from The Black Eyed Peas''", she says. "''It's important for people to see us as a real musical group. We have all this great marketing around us, with the movies and other things. But we are a musical group.''"
''The Cheetah Girls 2'' premiere received a total of over 8.1 million viewers, making it the highest rated premiere for a Disney Channel Original Movie at the time.
In an interview with ''Billboard'' about the postponed album, Sabrina Bryan stated that the girls worked on writing for the album on their Party's Just Begun tour and that they hoped to gather an audience of older fans while simultaneously staying true to their younger fan base. Bryan also stated that the girls would work with producers they've worked with in the past as well as exploring new producers, such as Timbaland.
The album was originally titled ''Who We Are'', and set to be released on June 19, 2007 but this was postponed to September 25, 2007, with a release name of ''TCG''.
The track "So Bring It On" was released as the album's first single. "Fuego" was released as the second single from the album.
All three girls are currently working on solo records. Bryan released a book titled ''Princess of Gossip'' in 2009, had a small supporting role in the straight-to-dvd film ''Mostly Ghostly'', released another fitness DVD called ''Byou 2'', and had a part in the indie film ''If It Ain't Broke, Break It''. Both Williams and Bailon had small roles in 2008 film ''Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2'', with Bryan making a cameo in the form of a set of her Byou DVDs on display. Williams played a supporting role in the film ''The House Bunny'' starring Anna Farris. Williams filmed the music video for her first single ''Make Me A Drink'' in New York City in November 2008, which was later scrapped in favor of a promotional single titled ''Spectacular''. The album is scheduled to be released in 2011. Bailon's solo album is also scheduled for a 2011 release on Island Def Jam Records. In early 2009, Williams and Bryan talked about collaborating on a talk show together, which Williams described as "a young version of The View". The pilot for ''Dinner with Friends'' was filmed in May 2011.
| Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes | |||
| 2003 | The Cheetah Girls (film)>The Cheetah Girls'' | The Cheetah Girls Raven-Symoné as Galleria Garibaldi, Adrienne Bailon as Chanel Simmons, Sabrina Bryan as Dorinda Thomas and Kiely Williams as Aquanetta Walker | |
| 2006 | ''The Cheetah Girls 2''| | The Cheetah Girls [Raven-Symoné as Galleria Garibaldi, Adrienne Bailon as Chanel Simmons, Sabrina Bryan as Dorinda Thomas and Kiely Williams as Aquanetta Walker] | Filmed in Barcelona, Spain. |
| 2008 | ''The Cheetah Girls: One World''| | The Cheetah Girls [Adrienne Bailon as Chanel Simmons, Sabrina Bryan as Dorinda Thomas and Kiely Williams as Aquanetta Walker] | Udaipur, Rajasthan>Udaipur, India. |
| Year !! Studio Album | |
| 2007 | TCG (album)>TCG |
| Year !! Soundtrack | |
| 2003 | The Cheetah Girls (soundtrack)>The Cheetah Girls'' |
| 2006 | The Cheetah Girls 2 (soundtrack)>The Cheetah Girls 2'' |
| 2008 | The Cheetah Girls: One World (soundtrack)>The Cheetah Girls: One World'' |
| Year !! Live Album | |
| 2005 | Cheetah-licious Christmas |
| 2007 | In Concert: The Party's Just Begun Tour |
| Year !! EP | |
| 2007 | TCG EP |
| 2008 | The Cheetah Girls Soundcheck |
Videos games have been produced for GBA and Nintendo DS, as well as a dancemat game. Toy instruments have been produced for the children's market.
The Cheetah Girls also have a doll line, released in 2007, inspired by the Disney Channel Original Movies (DCOMs). There are several versions of the dolls and the three members. The dolls are currently available at Sears stores nationwide and several other retailers.
;DVDs The Disney Channel Original Movies, and the concert DVD, are released with The Cheetah Girls 2 Special Edition Soundtrack. A 20 minute highlights DVD of the Girls' The Party's Just Begun Tour was released on July 10, 2007 along with a live audio CD of the tour. The first DVD released has sold over 800,000 copies. The Cheetah Girls have also released a ''Calirfornia Adventures'' DVD and two compilation DVDs, ''DisneyMania 3 in Concert'' and ''Radio Disney's Totally 15th Birthday''.
;Toothbrushes In 2006, The Cheetah Girls released a toothbrush modeled after them. The toothbrush features a picture of The Cheetah Girls and plays a clip of their single "Shake a Tail Feather". It was one of the most popular toothbrushes for all girls in 2006, the top being a spinning, singing Barbie toothbrush.
;Cheetah-licious Christmas Tour In the winter of 2005, The Cheetah Girls went on tour to support their Christmas album ''Cheetah-licious Christmas''. Aly & AJ went along with them, as the opening act, to support their own album ''Into the Rush'', although the Jonas Brothers performed as surprise guests opening for both The Cheetah Girls and Aly & AJ for a total of 10 shows of the tour, promoting ''It's About Time'', their first album. The holiday theme of the concert included giant presents (in which the Cheetah Girls performed in), Winter clothes, and even a tropical theme for their song "Christmas in California", which included surf boards with the girls' names on them. The Cheetah Girls also sang songs from the first ''Cheetah Girls'' soundtrack, their song "I Won't Say (I'm in Love)" (from ''DisneyMania 3''), and their version of "Shake a Tail Feather" (from the ''Chicken Little'' soundtrack).
;The Party's Just Begun Tour In July 2006, the girls stated to Disney 365, a brief Disney Channel So Hot Summer news program, that they would be hitting the road again in September 2006, however they didn't state whether or not Raven-Symoné would be joining them. However, in a later interview they confirmed that Raven would not be going with them. An ad inside of the ''Cheetah Girls 2'' soundtrack confirmed the name of the tour to be The Party's Just Begun Tour. The concert was released to a live CD and DVD combo on July 10, 2007. The opening acts for the tour were Miley Cyrus (as Hannah Montana) for the first 20 dates, Vanessa Hudgens for the next 20 dates, and Everlife for the last 40 dates. Jordan Pruitt was also a special guest on the tour for the first 40 cities. The preteen group T-Squad was also a special guest for 5 of the 58 dates. The concert tour sold out every date. For the tour's finale the group performed in Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas with Miley Cyrus as their opening act. Within 3 minutes, the concert had already sold 80,000 tickets.
;The One World Tour The girls announced their third tour in the summer of 2008. The tour, entitled the ''One World Tour'' began in October 2008 and is in support of the trio's third soundtrack from their Disney Channel film ''The Cheetah Girls: One World''. Bailon stated in an interview that it was likely that this tour would travel to various other countries as well as the United States. Corbin Bleu was originally announced as the opening act for the tour but due to his busy schedule could not continue with the duties. The Clique Girlz were announced as the official opening act for the tour just days before it began.
Category:American dance music groups Category:American dancers Category:American pop music groups Category:American rhythm and blues musical groups Category:Girl groups Category:Fictional musical groups Category:Hollywood Records artists Category:Musical groups established in 2004 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2009 Category:Musical trios
es:The Cheetah Girls (banda) fr:Les Cheetah Girls (groupe) it:The Cheetah Girls (gruppo musicale) ms:The Cheetah Girls nl:The Cheetah Girls (groep) ja:チーター・ガールズ pl:Cheetah Girls pt:The Cheetah Girls tr:The Cheetah GirlsThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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